The usage, and industrial applications of the palm kernel shell could be categorized into three major sections such as energy/fuel production, aggregates for concrete reinforcement, and water purification.
The palm kernel shell has also been carbonized to produce activated charcoal, and biochar, which have been used in agriculture, medicine, water treatment, pollutant control.
Use of palm kernel shell for biofuel/energy production:
A large export market has developed in recent times for palm kernel shell as an alternative to the fossil fuels implicated as major sources of atmospheric pollution.
Besides the bulk demand for raw palm kernel shells, there is also increasing demand for processed kernel shell products such as partially carbonized, and briquette shells that exhibit superior combustion characteristics.
Usually, the palm kernel shells are pulverized to improve their burning efficiency in industrial settings.
Therefore, industrial size impact crushers that could pulverize more than 80 percent of the palm kernel shell to 3 mm, and 20 percent to <5 mm particle size are now commercially available.
This has made the substitution of a significant percentage of coal for palm kernel shell possible in cement kilns, foundry furnaces, and palm oil mill burners.
Biodiesel, and syngas used in burners, and turbines have also been produced through the gasification of palm kernel shell.
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